Seleucid Kingdom, Philip I Philadelphus Silver Tetradrachm

The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic (culturally Greek) state founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, following the division of the Macedonian Empire established by Alexander the Great. It spanned across West Asia, covering territories that encompass modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, and parts of Turkmenistan. At its height, the empire also included Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and parts of India. The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture, privileging Greek customs and language, while tolerating local traditions. It faced constant challenges, including conflicts with Ptolemaic Egypt, the Maurya Empire, and the Roman Republic.

Philip I Epiphanes Philadelphus was a Seleucid monarch who ruled as the king of Syria from 94 to either 83 or 75 BCE. His early life was marked by civil war between his father and uncle, Antiochus IX. After the murder of his brother Seleucus VI in 94 BCE, Philip I became king alongside his twin brother Antiochus XI. His reign included unsuccessful attempts to take Damascus and monetary reforms. Coins struck during his reign remained in circulation even after the Romans conquered Syria.

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